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(53)　Wave Propagation in Vocal-tract: Phenomena and Models of 1-D and 3-D
　　　　Bulletin of the Faculty of Engineering, Hokkai-Gakuen University, No.30, pp.115-130, 2003-2

　Recent developments in observation techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging allow us to obtain an accurate description of the vocal-tract shape. It is thus possible to perform analyses of the acoustic characteristics of three-dimensional vocal-tracts at higher frequencies where the assumption of plane wave propagation does not hold. Historical and conventional one-dimensional models of vocal-tracts are briefly described followed by recent knowledge of the acoustic characteristics of three-dimensional vocal-tracts. The effects of three-dimensional wave propagation are explained based on the results of acoustic measurements and numerical simulations. This review is an extension of a tutorial paper that appeared in Acoustical Science and Technology, Vol.23,No.4,pp.207-212, with additional explanation, figures and references.