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(3) Human recognition of symbols and words having the same lneanings: An EEG and eye movement study.
　　 13th European Conference on Eye Movements, PA-172, 2005-8

To investigate human brain activity during recognition of symbols or words with identical meaning, the authors recorded electroencephalograms (EEGs) and eye movements from subjects, four women aged from 20 to 21, in viewing arrows or Chinese characters presented on the CRT and directing to the directions (meaning either the direction up, down, left or right) that they mean. Reaction time of gaze for the presentation of arrows were almost equal for all directions. However, comparison between the presentation of arrows and characters with identical meaning showed delayed reactions to characters for all directions. Presentation of the characters meaning up and down, which are very similar in shape, elicited slightly earlier reactions than other characters. Furthermore, for both of arrows and characters, the peak latencies of event-related potentials (ERPs) for the opposite meaning (e.g., up and down) were almost the same peak latency time, while their polarities were in reverse.